Recently WHO proposed new guide lines about rabies vaccinations both before travel (preexposure) and after a mammal bite (post exposure.) They have shortened pretravel/ preexposure vaccinations from 3 doses over a month to 2 doses a week apart. This is cheaper obviously and uses less vaccine (important factors in WHO’s considerations) and easier allowing people to do the 2 doses in only a week rather than a month. The doses may be intramuscular or into the skin (intra dermal) with intradermal needing injections at 2 sites each dose.  At the recent Asia Pacific Travel Health Conference in Bangkok it was interesting to hear how other countries are responding to the proposed change.  There remains anxiety that while 2 doses get people protected for their upcoming trip the information on how long in to the future people will be boostable (respond to boosters after a bite) is uncertain. It seems at this time doctors in America and UK will continue to give 3 doses pretravel so that people can be sure they are protected for future trips.
​

There is a network of clinics around the world seeing people who are unwell during or after travel. Information about the health problems travellers need to be seen for at these clinics is collected and analysed. It is notable that 74% of those needing to be seen for medical care after mammal bites had been bitten in Asia (42% in South East Asia and 32% in other parts of Asia.) This compared with only 9% in Africa and 7% in Latin America. Top countries were Thailand, Indonesia, Nepal, China and India. While the data probably partly reflects the numbers of travellers to the different destinations and where the clinics are situated it also clearly shows the higher risk of mammal bites in Asia than other regions. Another study showed that travellers from NZ and Australia departing from Bangkok airport had been bitten more often than people from other countries. This probably reflects that fact that we are not used to thinking about rabies as we are fortunate not to have it here. Remember that mammal bites in most countries are a big nuisance and really try not to play with dogs, monkeys or other mammals. It is a shame that pretravel rabies vaccinations are expensive but they make a mammal bite much less stressful. Certainly consider getting them when travelling to Asia. 

Dengue cases are increased In Samoa, American Samoa and French Polynesia currently. So, remember to take repellent and use it to prevent day time mosquito bites when visiting these countries. According to Samoa's Ministry of Health, more than 1,500 suspected and confirmed cases of dengue fever (serotype 2), a significant increase over average incidence, occurred from August to November and high numbers are still being seen. Cases are particularly on Savai'i and Upolu islands, mainly in Apia and the districts of Gaga'emauga and Tuamasaga (Upolu Island). The last dengue outbreak (serotype 3) occurred in 2015-16. In French Polynesia it is dengue 1 circulating currently.
The Pacific has the climate and environment for mosquitos to thrive and movement of people ensures the different strains of dengue virus are introduced regularly to different countries in the region. Dengue, chickungunya and zika are all transmitted by the same day feeding mosquitos which are common in the Pacific so always remember to try and prevent mosquito bites when there.
​

There have been more cases of plague than usual in Madagascar recently. Low risk always exists throughout most of the country including Antananarivo and Mahajanga but mainly in the central and northern highlands above 800 m. Transmission occurs throughout the year but the highest activity occurs from October to January. There are usually only about 300 cases per year but this year there have been more than 2,300 cases (including 207 deaths) since late August. Cases have been in numerous cities and districts mainly in Analamanga Region including Antananarivo and the city of Toamasina. The last confirmed case was reported on November 21. Public health measures have been increased and screening of departing travellers at airports started. Some countries are screening those arriving from Madagascar. Countries in the surrounding region have had help from WHO to be prepared for cases. The risk to travellers to Madagascar is very low but they should avoid contact with potentially infected rodents and their fleas as well as sick people especially those with a cough.
​

Travellers who return home to visit family and relations (VFRs) are at a higher risk of health problems than tourist travellers. This is the opposite of what you might expect! They have more malaria, typhoid, sexually transmitted infections and parasitic infections. There are a number of reasons for this but often VFR travellers go for longer and stay in more rural areas and mix with local people more often than other tourists. In addition they are less likely to have pretravel medical advice thinking that it is not necessary when in fact it is more important for them. Often protection against things like malaria and diorrhea is lost when you live in areas free of them such as New Zealand. This makes VFRs like vunerable babies when they go back home.  So if you or your children are going back home it is really important to get pretravel health advice and vaccinations and to take precautions when there.   

Recently the price of this vaccination dropped which was a surprise and great news. Japanese encephalitis is a virus spread by evening and night time feeding mosquitoes in rural parts of Asia . The risk areas extend from Japan and Korea to Pakistan and down to Papua New Guinea.   The infection often does not cause symptoms but  a few who are infected develope encephalitis (with symptoms such as changes in thinking, weakness, paralysis and seizures) which may be fatal or leave lasting neurological damage. In affected countries children are most commonly affected although travellers of any age may catch it. In the cooler parts of Asia tranmission is greatest in the summer months. In the tropics and subtropics risk varies with rainfall and irrigation practices and may be year round. Pigs and wading birds may carry the virus so the risk to humans is higher where they are found. The vaccine requires 2 doses which were previously given 28 days apart but studies have recently shown that having them as close as a week works well too. It is always hard to know when to have the vaccination and the decision is an indivdual one as it depends on your itnerary and activities. Reducing evening and night time mosquito bites reduces your risk but the vaccination should be considered by those with time in rural or agricutlural areas particlualry if doing outdoor activities or staying in accomdation without airconditioning or screens or nets. 

Recently I heard from a returned traveller who caught dengue in Sri Lanka. He spent time in hospital and had to prolong his stay there to be well enough to return home. It is important to know that currently there are increased numbers of dengue cases in a number of popular destinations including Sri Lanka. There have been an estimated 61,300 cases of dengue in Sri Lanka since May and nearly 9,000 cases a week are being diagnosed particularly in Colombo and Gampaha districts. The rate is 8 fold higher than average and the outbreak has not yet peaked.  In Laos more than 450 suspected cases of dengue per week are occurring primarily in Vientiane and the southern provinces of Attapu and Champasak while in India more than 16,200 suspected and confirmed cases of dengue (significantly higher than usual) have been reported since May 2017 in the south western states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu including in popular destinations. The outbreak has yet to peak. Cases have also been diagnosed in Mombasa, Kenya and American Samoa at increased rates recently. Dengue is spread by daytime biting mosquitoes which are ubiquitous so where ever you are remember to cover up and use repellent to reduce your risk of catching it.